{"id":3339,"date":"2022-03-28T13:43:36","date_gmt":"2022-03-28T11:43:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/?page_id=3339"},"modified":"2023-11-10T08:57:55","modified_gmt":"2023-11-10T07:57:55","slug":"processes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/processes\/","title":{"rendered":"Processes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2tih7v-bd70d712a0c039bc3305563ff98fdb97\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-2tih7v-bd70d712a0c039bc3305563ff98fdb97{\nmargin:0 0 0 0;\npadding-bottom:0;\ncolor:#000000;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-2tih7v-bd70d712a0c039bc3305563ff98fdb97 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-2tih7v-bd70d712a0c039bc3305563ff98fdb97 .special-heading-inner-border{\nborder-color:#000000;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-2tih7v-bd70d712a0c039bc3305563ff98fdb97 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:17px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  id=\"applications\"  class='av-special-heading av-2tih7v-bd70d712a0c039bc3305563ff98fdb97 av-special-heading-h1 custom-color-heading blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_hr  avia-builder-el-first '><h1 class='av-special-heading-tag'  itemprop=\"headline\"  > Processes<\/h1><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-k8k0dbg7-4c782ed0ae9dec86222c67c8480e9674\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-k8k0dbg7-4c782ed0ae9dec86222c67c8480e9674{\nmargin-top:-7px;\nheight:1px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-k8k0dbg7-4c782ed0ae9dec86222c67c8480e9674 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l4slwzn3-cc81d1aeb9e30cbb80ab9aebf1df1b6b '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Process optimization and cost effective operation are now more important than ever before. KROHNE understands these challenges and is helping companies to increase their efficiency by offering world class process instrumentation, metering solutions and field services to unlock the full potential of an application.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><!-- close content main div --><\/div><\/div><div id='av-layout-grid-1'  class='av-layout-grid-container av-hdpbx-439135be59d73b158bf4f81b5a0dd696 entry-content-wrapper main_color av-flex-cells  avia-builder-el-3  el_after_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-last  grid-row-not-first  container_wrap fullsize'  >\n<div class='flex_cell av-2ypd7x-5372dceb80e768ebd55269c7c773b41d av-gridrow-cell av_one_full no_margin  avia-builder-el-4  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-sub-av-l0v3wa9l-95b9ed5e74082d767f3d0044b56b19a6\">\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-4o0l3h-c294186352febae904e2ea0d39985ba2{\ntop:11.2%;\nleft:75.7%;\n}\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-qah9zh-6d0d4d39a613aecd61ebbb343439ba75{\ntop:7.4%;\nleft:24.4%;\n}\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-nh95pp-2823389bde4dc6f5845cf90853621009{\ntop:35%;\nleft:28.3%;\n}\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-m34oal-00d6398082b11c37fb3d00c631de8914{\ntop:57.2%;\nleft:22.5%;\n}\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-kwvjhp-a320f1abaa8c06a8e4aea40cb4840183{\ntop:67%;\nleft:14%;\n}\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-j783st-901134ef88cbdd89a717d897576b2af1{\ntop:94.4%;\nleft:17.3%;\n}\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-hdpcod-00b985ddeafa4be2cdfd6fe88f6e8b01{\ntop:34.4%;\nleft:7.8%;\n}\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-gdtrrh-21ea798811a02fb9d1f2ce5047ba22b0{\ntop:23.9%;\nleft:43.4%;\n}\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-ed9o9p-c39d1c686a928c6efeb64f83cdb4d770{\ntop:44%;\nleft:49.7%;\n}\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-d5tgjh-d516e76e63dcc964545222dde54e7539{\ntop:61.8%;\nleft:52.6%;\n}\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-bad9f1-d5cf956a2f3280a193a6a92aed0337ab{\ntop:65.5%;\nleft:35.8%;\n}\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-9rp0xp-f30a13c458f2b9f423267a24d8779889{\ntop:84.3%;\nleft:46.1%;\n}\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-7wh6ql-c20d7617fe414a426e9bf6a04f5d08fc{\ntop:86.9%;\nleft:63.3%;\n}\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-6kl2u5-82cd2ac4870ef92f7b6518a9b7ca4f74{\ntop:28.8%;\nleft:74%;\n}\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-2ptd5p-a94acc51183b91550ba6ac0a9f731d68{\ntop:55.6%;\nleft:80.2%;\n}\n.av-hotspot-image-container .av-image-hotspot.av-299atp-3294b95d80bd26580ce95bd8c370da0c{\ntop:77.1%;\nleft:78.7%;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-hotspot-image-container av-l0v3wa9l-95b9ed5e74082d767f3d0044b56b19a6  avia-builder-el-5  el_before_av_codeblock  avia-builder-el-first  av-hotspot-blank av-mobile-fallback-active  av-non-fullwidth-hotspot-image'  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class='av-hotspot-container'><div class='av-hotspot-container-inner-cell'><div class='av-hotspot-container-inner-wrap'><div class='av-image-hotspot av-4o0l3h-c294186352febae904e2ea0d39985ba2 av-image-hotspot-1 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='bottom' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='right' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-below av-tt-align-right  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;Fossil power generation&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;KROHNE offers a complete portfolio of instrumentation for flow, level, pressure, temperature and process analytics for power generation plants. Measurements with temperatures up to +600\u00b0C \/ 1112\u00b0F and pressures up to 490 bar \/ 7107 psi are possible.&lt;br \/&gt;\nWe provide custody transfer flowmeters, high accuracy flowmeters for feed water applications and dedicated products with high resistance to radiation and\/or seismic disturbances. The products of KROHNE are complemented by services and measurement solutions. We cover a broad range of applications for example in coal and combined cycle power plants, district heating, waste incineration, solar thermal or Power-2-gas.&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>1<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot av-qah9zh-6d0d4d39a613aecd61ebbb343439ba75 av-image-hotspot-2 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='bottom' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='left' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-below av-tt-align-left  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;Renewable energy sources&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Renewable energy sources play an important role in the energy transition. KROHNE instrumentation is applied to ensure safe and efficient operation. For example, OPTISONIC 4400 HT ultrasonic flowmeters are used to measure the flow of molten salt up to 600 \u00b0C \/1112 \u00b0F in concentrated solar plants. OPTIFLUX electromagnetic flowmeters are being used in, amongst others, the liquid cooling circuit of wind turbines.&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;\u2022 cooling of windturbines&lt;br \/&gt;\n\u2022 hydropower plants&lt;br \/&gt;\n\u2022 concentrated solar power plants&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>2<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot av-nh95pp-2823389bde4dc6f5845cf90853621009 av-image-hotspot-3 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='bottom' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='left' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-below av-tt-align-left  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;Electrolysis&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Hydrogen electrolysers are\u00a0devices that use electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. When electricity input to the electrolyser is obtained from renewable sources like wind and solar, then the hydrogen produced is called green hydrogen. For efficient and safe operation of electrolyser systems reliable process measurement is required. KROHNE products for process measurement of flow, level, pressure and temperature are applied for example to measure the water supply to the electrolyser, to measure the flow of electrolyte, to monitor the levels, pressure and temperature inside the electrolyser system.&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>3<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot av-m34oal-00d6398082b11c37fb3d00c631de8914 av-image-hotspot-4 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='top' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='left' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-above av-tt-align-left  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;Steam Methane Reforming&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a\u00a0process in which methane from natural gas is heated, with steam, usually with a catalyst, to produce a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.&lt;br \/&gt;\nCH4+H20\u2192CO + 3H2&lt;br \/&gt;\nWith a subsequent water gas shift reaction the carbon monoxide reacts with steam to form carbon dioxide and more hydrogen.&lt;br \/&gt;\nCO +H20\u2192CO2 + H2&lt;br \/&gt;\nIn a final step called pressure swing absorption the carbon dioxide and other impurities are removed from the gas leaving essentially pure hydrogen. Since CO2 is released during this process it is referred to as grey hydrogen. In case SMR is combined with carbon capture and storage, it is referred to as blue hydrogen.&lt;br \/&gt;\nThe KROHNE OPTIBAR DP flow, OPTISWIRL vortex and OPTISONIC ultrasonic process meters are ultimately suited for measuring the high temperature steam and gases.&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>4<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot av-kwvjhp-a320f1abaa8c06a8e4aea40cb4840183 av-image-hotspot-5 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='top' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='left' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-above av-tt-align-left  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;Coal gasification&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Coal gasification is the process of converting coal into a gas by adding steam and oxygen under pressure. The coal is fed into a high\u2010 temperature pressurized container along with steam and a limited amount of oxygen to produce a gas.\u00a0\u00a0 The gas is known as synthesis gas or syngas and mainly consists of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.&lt;br \/&gt;\n3C (e.g. coal)+O2+ H2O \u2192 H2 + 3CO (syngas)&lt;br \/&gt;\nWith a subsequent water gas shift reaction the carbon monoxide reacts with steam to form carbon dioxide and more hydrogen.&lt;br \/&gt;\nCO +H20\u2192 CO2 + H2&lt;br \/&gt;\nIn a final step called pressure swing absorption the carbon dioxide and other impurities (such as sulphur) are removed from the gas, leaving essentially pure hydrogen. Since CO2 is released during this process it is referred to as brown hydrogen. In case coal gasification is combined with carbon capture and storage, it is referred to as blue hydrogen.&lt;br \/&gt;\nThe KROHNE OPTIBAR DP flow, OPTISWIRL vortex and OPTISONIC ultrasonic process meters are ultimately suited for measuring the high temperature steam and gases.&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>5<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot av-j783st-901134ef88cbdd89a717d897576b2af1 av-image-hotspot-6 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='top' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='left' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-above av-tt-align-left  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;Technical gases&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Industrial gases are produced to be used in\u00a0industrial and manufacturing processes. Technical gases form a sub class of industrial gases and are distinguished by the degree of purity. The purity can be obtained by processing and extraction in process plants. Hydrogen is produced in a pressure swing absorption plant and the process consists of 4 stages: adsorption, depressurization, regeneration and repressurization.&lt;br \/&gt;\nThe KROHNE OPTIBAR DP flow, OPTISWIRL vortex and OPTISONIC ultrasonic, VA meters and OPTIMASS Coriolis flowmeters are widely applied in PSA applications.&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>6<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot av-hdpcod-00b985ddeafa4be2cdfd6fe88f6e8b01 av-image-hotspot-7 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='right' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='top' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-right av-tt-align-top  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;CCS&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Carbon Capture and Storage is the process where CO2 is captured at power plants and industrial sites and subsequently transported to a site where the CO2 is either stored underground in for example depleted gas reservoir (CCS) or utilized as feedstock to produce for example synthetic hydrocarbons (CCUS). There are three basic types of capture processes: pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxyfuel with post-combustion. KROHNE equipment is applied to measure pressure, temperature and flow and level of the various fluids applied in the processes, such as steam, amines, hydrogen and CO2.&lt;br \/&gt;\nFor transport and trading of CO2 custody transfer measurements are required. KROHNE supplies certified flowmeters as well as completer turnkey measurement systems for measurement of gaseous, liquid or supercritical CO2.&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>7<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot av-gdtrrh-21ea798811a02fb9d1f2ce5047ba22b0 av-image-hotspot-8 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='bottom' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='centered' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-below av-tt-align-centered  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;Cement and steel industry&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Cement and steel industry are examples of industries where high temperature heat is applied. Traditionally fossil fuels such as natural gas and coal are used as fuel for the kilns and furnaces. In order to decarbonize, these industries move away from fossil fuels. However, the required high temperatures (in some cases above 1000\u00baC\/1832\u00baF) cannot be supplied by green electricity and consequently hydrogen is considered as alternative fuel.&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;For the steel industry the CO2 emission can be reduced further when hydrogen is applied for direct reduction of the iron; in this process H2O is formed instead of CO2. KROHNE VA meters are used control the hydrogen injection rate in the blast furnace. In the cement industry, 60% of the CO2 emission comes from the chemical process where limestone is decarbonized. Therefore, application of CCS to cement production can reduce the CO2 emission even further. KROHNE OPTIMASS Coriolis meters and OPTISONIC ultrasonic meters are used for process and Custody Transfer measurement of hydrogen and CO2.&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>8<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot av-ed9o9p-c39d1c686a928c6efeb64f83cdb4d770 av-image-hotspot-9 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='top' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='centered' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-above av-tt-align-centered  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;Ammonia production&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Ammonia is widely applied as chemical feedstock in for example fertilizer production and is foreseen to play an important role in the future as fuel or energy carrier. The benefit of NH3 as energy carrier is the high energy density per unit volume and the relatively mild conditions under which it can be transported as liquid (-32\u00b0C at atmospheric pressure). As a fuel NH3 does not release CO2 to the atmosphere upon combustion.&lt;br \/&gt;\nMost commonly the Haber-Bosch process is applied to produce ammonia by combining nitrogen with hydrogen.&lt;br \/&gt;\nN2+3H2 \u21c4 2NH3&lt;br \/&gt;\nWhen the required hydrogen is formed by means of steam methane reforming, CO2 is emitted to the atmosphere. By combining the ammonia production with CCS, blue ammonia is produced. When the required hydrogen is produced from water electrolysis with renewable energy, and the process is heated by green electricity, the ammonia can be produced without CO2 emission resulting in green ammonia.&lt;br \/&gt;\nKROHNE offers level, temperature, pressure and flow instrumentation to control the process of ammonia production.&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>9<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot av-d5tgjh-d516e76e63dcc964545222dde54e7539 av-image-hotspot-10 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='top' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='centered' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-above av-tt-align-centered  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;Chemical industry&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;In the chemical industry hydrogen is used as feedstock in chemical process as well as it is produced as by-product in other chemical processes.&lt;br \/&gt;\nFeedstock: Most hydrogen is consumed in the production of ammonia and methanol. There are other smaller consumers of hydrogen as well such as hydrogen peroxide production or the use of hydrogen as reduction agent.&lt;br \/&gt;\nBy-product: Hydrogen is produced as by-product during the steam cracking of hydrocarbons to produce high value chemicals (HVC) which are applied in the production of plastics, and in chlor-alkali electrolysis where hydrogen is a by-product in the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide. The produced hydrogen can be re-used on site or made available to other industries.&lt;br \/&gt;\nFor the distribution network of hydrogen gas at a chemical site the OPTIMASS 6400 can be applied. In case the hydrogen is traded with a nearby industrial site the ALTOSONIC V12 can be used for the custody transfer measurement.&lt;br \/&gt;\nKROHNE has a full portfolio of flow, level, pressure and temperature transmitters for the chemical industry, including the measurement of hydrogen and associated products.&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>10<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot av-bad9f1-d5cf956a2f3280a193a6a92aed0337ab av-image-hotspot-11 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='top' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='left' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-above av-tt-align-left  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;Refineries&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Refineries are industrial process plants where crude oil is transformed and refined into useful products like gasoline, diesel, kerosene and naphtha. Refineries are both consuming hydrogen as feedstock, as well as producing hydrogen as a (by-)product.&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Hydrogen consumption: Several process consume hydrogen, such as hydrocracking where the hydrocarbons in crude oil are broken into simpler molecules such as gasoline and kerosine by the addition of hydrogen under high pressure. Another example of a process where hydrogen is consumed is desulpherisation or hydrotreatment; sulphur and other components such as nitrogen and aromatics are removed from the hydrocarbons by reaction with hydrogen at elevated temperatures.&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Hydrogen production:&lt;br \/&gt;\nThe required hydrogen in refineries can be produced on site via steam methane reforming, but there are also refinery processes where hydrogen is produced as a by-product. An example of such proces is catalyc naphta reforming, where a naphtha stream is converted in to reformate, which is blending component for high octane gasoline.&lt;br \/&gt;\nNote that there are process schematics for these refinery processes on the KROHE website&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>11<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot av-9rp0xp-f30a13c458f2b9f423267a24d8779889 av-image-hotspot-12 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='top' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='centered' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-above av-tt-align-centered  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;Residential&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Building and building construction are responsible for approximately 30% of the total energy consumption in the world. Traditionally, fossil fuels are applied for heating of buildings. All electric and hydrogen solutions can be a valid option to decarbonize this application, both having their specific benefits and drawbacks. A hydrogen-ready boiler is a gas-\ufb01red heating boiler which is capable of burning either natural gas or pure (100%) hydrogen. Hydrogen-ready boilers enable conversion of the existing gas distribution networks from natural gas (which is mostly methane) to hydrogen. The KROHNE portfolio for flow, pressure and temperature measurement can be applied to natural gas, pure hydrogen or mixtures of natural gas and hydrogen that are delivered to larger industrial buildings.&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>12<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot av-7wh6ql-c20d7617fe414a426e9bf6a04f5d08fc av-image-hotspot-13 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='top' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='right' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-above av-tt-align-right  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;Mobility&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;The mobility sector is a sector where energy consumption is growing year over year. Hydrogen is a valid option to decarbonize this sector. Hydrogen can react with oxygen in fuel cell to power an electric motor, or less commonly hydrogen can be burned in an internal combustion engine. For small vehicles hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles face heavy competition for battery electric vehicles, it is generally believed that for long range road transportation (buses) and heavy transport (trucks) hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will be a viable solution. For ships hydrogen can serve as a fuel, although derived fuels like for example ammonia (NH3) are considered as option as well. In air transportation hydrogen can replace kerosene as a fuel, although synthetic kerosene which is formed out of green hydrogen and (captured) CO2 can be a solution with less impact on current infrastructure and supply chain.&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;The KROHNE portfolio for flow, level, pressure and temperature can be applied to the measurement of hydrogen, ammonia, methanol and synthetic fuels such as synthetic kerosine of synthetic diesel. Based on vast experience in the oil &amp; gas and chemical industry, KROHNE can offer range of instrumentation and metering system for the mobility sector.&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>13<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot av-6kl2u5-82cd2ac4870ef92f7b6518a9b7ca4f74 av-image-hotspot-14 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='bottom' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='right' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-below av-tt-align-right  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;P2G and P2L&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Power-to-X is a commonly used term for the conversion of electricity to other energy carriers or chemicals, generally through hydrogen produced by the electrolysis of water. The \u201cX\u201d can stand for any resulting fuel, chemical, power or heat. For example, power-to-gas refers to the production of electrolytic hydrogen itself or synthetic methane produced from electrolytic hydrogen combined with CO2. Likewise, power-to-liquids refers to the production of hydrogen-based liquid fuels. Together, hydrogen-based fuels that integrate electrolytic hydrogen are sometimes referred to as \u201celectrofuels\u201d or, in the very specific case of power from solar energy, solar fuels. In the Jupiter 1000 power-to-gas project in France the OPTIMASS 6400 is applied to measure the green hydrogen and synthetic methane, the OPTISWIRL 4200 vortex meter is applied to measure the captured CO2 and the OPTISONIC 7300 ultrasonic gas flowmeter is applied to measure the flow of natural gas.&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>14<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot av-2ptd5p-a94acc51183b91550ba6ac0a9f731d68 av-image-hotspot-15 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='left' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='centered' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-left av-tt-align-centered  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;Storage and transportation&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Hydrogen can be transported and stored as gas as well as liquid.&lt;br \/&gt;\nGaseous hydrogen is typically transported via pipelines or via tube trailers (compressed hydrogen). The pipelines can be operated with pure hydrogen, or with blends of hydrogen with natural gas. For custody transfer measurement in pipeline transportation, KROHNE supplies the SUMMIT 8800 flow computer and the ALTOSONIC V12 ultrasonic flowmeter which are both suitable for pure hydrogen as well as for blends of hydrogen with natural gas. Additionally complete turnkey custody transfer metering systems for hydrogen are supplied by KROHNE.&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Underground storage of hydrogen in salt caverns is being applied to store large quantities of hydrogen over longer periods of time. This allows for so-called seasonal storage to buffer renewable energy which is produced in summer to be consumed in winter. It also allows for shorter storage cycles to compensate \u2018dunkelflaute\u2019 where during a few days less renewable energy is generated due to lack of sunshine or wind.&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Liquid hydrogen has a temparature of -253\u00b0C (-423\u00b0F) which is only 20 \u00b0C (36\u00b0F) above absolute zero. The infrastructure for liquid hydrogen transportation and storage shows great resemblance to that for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). The main differences are related to the lower temperature -253\u00b0C versus -160\u00b0C (-423\u00b0F versus -265\u00b0F) which puts more stringent requirements on the instrumentation. KROHNE offers the OPTIBAR pressure portfolio which is suited for differential pressure flow and level measurement, as well as for process pressure measurement for liquid hydrogen.&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;Alternative methods for transport and storage of hydrogen is to use molecules which are rich in hydrogen such as ammonia (NH3) and methanol (CH30H). The conditions for transport and storage for these fluids are less demanding than for liquid hydrogen. At the destination ammonia and methanol can be consumed directly or can be re-converted to hydrogen. Also Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC) can be applied for storage and transport of hydrogen. LOHC are organic compounds that can absorb and release hydrogen throught chemical reactions.&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>15<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot av-299atp-3294b95d80bd26580ce95bd8c370da0c av-image-hotspot-16 ' data-avia-tooltip-position='top' data-avia-tooltip-alignment='right' data-avia-tooltip-class='av-tt-xlarge-width av-tt-pos-above av-tt-align-right  av-mobile-fallback-active  main_color av-tt-hotspot' data-avia-tooltip='&lt;h4&gt;Reconversion&lt;\/h4&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;In addition to the use as feedstock in the industry or as combustible fuel, hydrogen can be re-converted into electricity by means of fuel cells. A fuel cell can be considered as a battery which is running on hydrogen, where hydrogen is converted into electricity and heat. Fuel cells can be used to power off-grid locations or can be combined with seasonal storage of hydrogen to provide electricity when production from renewable energy sources is low.&lt;br \/&gt;\nAmmonia and methanol fuel cells exist as well. In these fuel cells ammonia or methanol is re-converted directly into electricity and heat. The benefit of this type of re-conversion is the relative ease of transportation of the fluids.&lt;br \/&gt;\nIn case hydrogen has been transported or stored by means of a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC), the hydrogen needs to be released from the LOHC at the end destination. This takes place by means of a chemical dehydreganation process, which requires heat to release the hydrogen from the carrier.&lt;\/p&gt;\n'><div class='av-image-hotspot_inner'>16<\/div><div class='av-image-hotspot-pulse'><\/div><\/div><img decoding=\"async\" class='wp-image-3230 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-3230 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2022\/03\/EnergyTransitionIndustryRender_001-Kopie-scaled.jpg\" alt='Energy Transition Industry' title='Energy Transition Industry'  height=\"1440\" width=\"2560\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2022\/03\/EnergyTransitionIndustryRender_001-Kopie-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2022\/03\/EnergyTransitionIndustryRender_001-Kopie-400x225.jpg 400w, https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2022\/03\/EnergyTransitionIndustryRender_001-Kopie-1030x579.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2022\/03\/EnergyTransitionIndustryRender_001-Kopie-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2022\/03\/EnergyTransitionIndustryRender_001-Kopie-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2022\/03\/EnergyTransitionIndustryRender_001-Kopie-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2022\/03\/EnergyTransitionIndustryRender_001-Kopie-1500x844.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/62\/2022\/03\/EnergyTransitionIndustryRender_001-Kopie-705x397.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-1 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">1<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>Fossil power generation<\/h4>\n<p>KROHNE offers a complete portfolio of instrumentation for flow, level, pressure, temperature and process analytics for power generation plants. Measurements with temperatures up to +600\u00b0C \/ 1112\u00b0F and pressures up to 490 bar \/ 7107 psi are possible.<br \/>\nWe provide custody transfer flowmeters, high accuracy flowmeters for feed water applications and dedicated products with high resistance to radiation and\/or seismic disturbances. The products of KROHNE are complemented by services and measurement solutions. We cover a broad range of applications for example in coal and combined cycle power plants, district heating, waste incineration, solar thermal or Power-2-gas.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-2 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">2<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>Renewable energy sources<\/h4>\n<p>Renewable energy sources play an important role in the energy transition. KROHNE instrumentation is applied to ensure safe and efficient operation. For example, OPTISONIC 4400 HT ultrasonic flowmeters are used to measure the flow of molten salt up to 600 \u00b0C \/1112 \u00b0F in concentrated solar plants. OPTIFLUX electromagnetic flowmeters are being used in, amongst others, the liquid cooling circuit of wind turbines.<\/p>\n<p>\u2022 cooling of windturbines<br \/>\n\u2022 hydropower plants<br \/>\n\u2022 concentrated solar power plants<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-3 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">3<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>Electrolysis<\/h4>\n<p>Hydrogen electrolysers are\u00a0devices that use electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. When electricity input to the electrolyser is obtained from renewable sources like wind and solar, then the hydrogen produced is called green hydrogen. For efficient and safe operation of electrolyser systems reliable process measurement is required. KROHNE products for process measurement of flow, level, pressure and temperature are applied for example to measure the water supply to the electrolyser, to measure the flow of electrolyte, to monitor the levels, pressure and temperature inside the electrolyser system.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-4 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">4<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>Steam Methane Reforming<\/h4>\n<p>Steam methane reforming (SMR) is a\u00a0process in which methane from natural gas is heated, with steam, usually with a catalyst, to produce a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.<br \/>\nCH4+H20\u2192CO + 3H2<br \/>\nWith a subsequent water gas shift reaction the carbon monoxide reacts with steam to form carbon dioxide and more hydrogen.<br \/>\nCO +H20\u2192CO2 + H2<br \/>\nIn a final step called pressure swing absorption the carbon dioxide and other impurities are removed from the gas leaving essentially pure hydrogen. Since CO2 is released during this process it is referred to as grey hydrogen. In case SMR is combined with carbon capture and storage, it is referred to as blue hydrogen.<br \/>\nThe KROHNE OPTIBAR DP flow, OPTISWIRL vortex and OPTISONIC ultrasonic process meters are ultimately suited for measuring the high temperature steam and gases.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-5 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">5<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>Coal gasification<\/h4>\n<p>Coal gasification is the process of converting coal into a gas by adding steam and oxygen under pressure. The coal is fed into a high\u2010 temperature pressurized container along with steam and a limited amount of oxygen to produce a gas.\u00a0\u00a0 The gas is known as synthesis gas or syngas and mainly consists of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.<br \/>\n3C (e.g. coal)+O2+ H2O \u2192 H2 + 3CO (syngas)<br \/>\nWith a subsequent water gas shift reaction the carbon monoxide reacts with steam to form carbon dioxide and more hydrogen.<br \/>\nCO +H20\u2192 CO2 + H2<br \/>\nIn a final step called pressure swing absorption the carbon dioxide and other impurities (such as sulphur) are removed from the gas, leaving essentially pure hydrogen. Since CO2 is released during this process it is referred to as brown hydrogen. In case coal gasification is combined with carbon capture and storage, it is referred to as blue hydrogen.<br \/>\nThe KROHNE OPTIBAR DP flow, OPTISWIRL vortex and OPTISONIC ultrasonic process meters are ultimately suited for measuring the high temperature steam and gases.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-6 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">6<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>Technical gases<\/h4>\n<p>Industrial gases are produced to be used in\u00a0industrial and manufacturing processes. Technical gases form a sub class of industrial gases and are distinguished by the degree of purity. The purity can be obtained by processing and extraction in process plants. Hydrogen is produced in a pressure swing absorption plant and the process consists of 4 stages: adsorption, depressurization, regeneration and repressurization.<br \/>\nThe KROHNE OPTIBAR DP flow, OPTISWIRL vortex and OPTISONIC ultrasonic, VA meters and OPTIMASS Coriolis flowmeters are widely applied in PSA applications.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-7 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">7<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>CCS<\/h4>\n<p>Carbon Capture and Storage is the process where CO2 is captured at power plants and industrial sites and subsequently transported to a site where the CO2 is either stored underground in for example depleted gas reservoir (CCS) or utilized as feedstock to produce for example synthetic hydrocarbons (CCUS). There are three basic types of capture processes: pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxyfuel with post-combustion. KROHNE equipment is applied to measure pressure, temperature and flow and level of the various fluids applied in the processes, such as steam, amines, hydrogen and CO2.<br \/>\nFor transport and trading of CO2 custody transfer measurements are required. KROHNE supplies certified flowmeters as well as completer turnkey measurement systems for measurement of gaseous, liquid or supercritical CO2.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-8 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">8<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>Cement and steel industry<\/h4>\n<p>Cement and steel industry are examples of industries where high temperature heat is applied. Traditionally fossil fuels such as natural gas and coal are used as fuel for the kilns and furnaces. In order to decarbonize, these industries move away from fossil fuels. However, the required high temperatures (in some cases above 1000\u00baC\/1832\u00baF) cannot be supplied by green electricity and consequently hydrogen is considered as alternative fuel.<\/p>\n<p>For the steel industry the CO2 emission can be reduced further when hydrogen is applied for direct reduction of the iron; in this process H2O is formed instead of CO2. KROHNE VA meters are used control the hydrogen injection rate in the blast furnace. In the cement industry, 60% of the CO2 emission comes from the chemical process where limestone is decarbonized. Therefore, application of CCS to cement production can reduce the CO2 emission even further. KROHNE OPTIMASS Coriolis meters and OPTISONIC ultrasonic meters are used for process and Custody Transfer measurement of hydrogen and CO2.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-9 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">9<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>Ammonia production<\/h4>\n<p>Ammonia is widely applied as chemical feedstock in for example fertilizer production and is foreseen to play an important role in the future as fuel or energy carrier. The benefit of NH3 as energy carrier is the high energy density per unit volume and the relatively mild conditions under which it can be transported as liquid (-32\u00b0C at atmospheric pressure). As a fuel NH3 does not release CO2 to the atmosphere upon combustion.<br \/>\nMost commonly the Haber-Bosch process is applied to produce ammonia by combining nitrogen with hydrogen.<br \/>\nN2+3H2 \u21c4 2NH3<br \/>\nWhen the required hydrogen is formed by means of steam methane reforming, CO2 is emitted to the atmosphere. By combining the ammonia production with CCS, blue ammonia is produced. When the required hydrogen is produced from water electrolysis with renewable energy, and the process is heated by green electricity, the ammonia can be produced without CO2 emission resulting in green ammonia.<br \/>\nKROHNE offers level, temperature, pressure and flow instrumentation to control the process of ammonia production.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-10 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">10<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>Chemical industry<\/h4>\n<p>In the chemical industry hydrogen is used as feedstock in chemical process as well as it is produced as by-product in other chemical processes.<br \/>\nFeedstock: Most hydrogen is consumed in the production of ammonia and methanol. There are other smaller consumers of hydrogen as well such as hydrogen peroxide production or the use of hydrogen as reduction agent.<br \/>\nBy-product: Hydrogen is produced as by-product during the steam cracking of hydrocarbons to produce high value chemicals (HVC) which are applied in the production of plastics, and in chlor-alkali electrolysis where hydrogen is a by-product in the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide. The produced hydrogen can be re-used on site or made available to other industries.<br \/>\nFor the distribution network of hydrogen gas at a chemical site the OPTIMASS 6400 can be applied. In case the hydrogen is traded with a nearby industrial site the ALTOSONIC V12 can be used for the custody transfer measurement.<br \/>\nKROHNE has a full portfolio of flow, level, pressure and temperature transmitters for the chemical industry, including the measurement of hydrogen and associated products.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-11 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">11<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>Refineries<\/h4>\n<p>Refineries are industrial process plants where crude oil is transformed and refined into useful products like gasoline, diesel, kerosene and naphtha. Refineries are both consuming hydrogen as feedstock, as well as producing hydrogen as a (by-)product.<\/p>\n<p>Hydrogen consumption: Several process consume hydrogen, such as hydrocracking where the hydrocarbons in crude oil are broken into simpler molecules such as gasoline and kerosine by the addition of hydrogen under high pressure. Another example of a process where hydrogen is consumed is desulpherisation or hydrotreatment; sulphur and other components such as nitrogen and aromatics are removed from the hydrocarbons by reaction with hydrogen at elevated temperatures.<\/p>\n<p>Hydrogen production:<br \/>\nThe required hydrogen in refineries can be produced on site via steam methane reforming, but there are also refinery processes where hydrogen is produced as a by-product. An example of such proces is catalyc naphta reforming, where a naphtha stream is converted in to reformate, which is blending component for high octane gasoline.<br \/>\nNote that there are process schematics for these refinery processes on the KROHE website<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-12 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">12<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>Residential<\/h4>\n<p>Building and building construction are responsible for approximately 30% of the total energy consumption in the world. Traditionally, fossil fuels are applied for heating of buildings. All electric and hydrogen solutions can be a valid option to decarbonize this application, both having their specific benefits and drawbacks. A hydrogen-ready boiler is a gas-\ufb01red heating boiler which is capable of burning either natural gas or pure (100%) hydrogen. Hydrogen-ready boilers enable conversion of the existing gas distribution networks from natural gas (which is mostly methane) to hydrogen. The KROHNE portfolio for flow, pressure and temperature measurement can be applied to natural gas, pure hydrogen or mixtures of natural gas and hydrogen that are delivered to larger industrial buildings.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-13 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">13<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>Mobility<\/h4>\n<p>The mobility sector is a sector where energy consumption is growing year over year. Hydrogen is a valid option to decarbonize this sector. Hydrogen can react with oxygen in fuel cell to power an electric motor, or less commonly hydrogen can be burned in an internal combustion engine. For small vehicles hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles face heavy competition for battery electric vehicles, it is generally believed that for long range road transportation (buses) and heavy transport (trucks) hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will be a viable solution. For ships hydrogen can serve as a fuel, although derived fuels like for example ammonia (NH3) are considered as option as well. In air transportation hydrogen can replace kerosene as a fuel, although synthetic kerosene which is formed out of green hydrogen and (captured) CO2 can be a solution with less impact on current infrastructure and supply chain.<\/p>\n<p>The KROHNE portfolio for flow, level, pressure and temperature can be applied to the measurement of hydrogen, ammonia, methanol and synthetic fuels such as synthetic kerosine of synthetic diesel. Based on vast experience in the oil &amp; gas and chemical industry, KROHNE can offer range of instrumentation and metering system for the mobility sector.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-14 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">14<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>P2G and P2L<\/h4>\n<p>Power-to-X is a commonly used term for the conversion of electricity to other energy carriers or chemicals, generally through hydrogen produced by the electrolysis of water. The \u201cX\u201d can stand for any resulting fuel, chemical, power or heat. For example, power-to-gas refers to the production of electrolytic hydrogen itself or synthetic methane produced from electrolytic hydrogen combined with CO2. Likewise, power-to-liquids refers to the production of hydrogen-based liquid fuels. Together, hydrogen-based fuels that integrate electrolytic hydrogen are sometimes referred to as \u201celectrofuels\u201d or, in the very specific case of power from solar energy, solar fuels. In the Jupiter 1000 power-to-gas project in France the OPTIMASS 6400 is applied to measure the green hydrogen and synthetic methane, the OPTISWIRL 4200 vortex meter is applied to measure the captured CO2 and the OPTISONIC 7300 ultrasonic gas flowmeter is applied to measure the flow of natural gas.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-15 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">15<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>Storage and transportation<\/h4>\n<p>Hydrogen can be transported and stored as gas as well as liquid.<br \/>\nGaseous hydrogen is typically transported via pipelines or via tube trailers (compressed hydrogen). The pipelines can be operated with pure hydrogen, or with blends of hydrogen with natural gas. For custody transfer measurement in pipeline transportation, KROHNE supplies the SUMMIT 8800 flow computer and the ALTOSONIC V12 ultrasonic flowmeter which are both suitable for pure hydrogen as well as for blends of hydrogen with natural gas. Additionally complete turnkey custody transfer metering systems for hydrogen are supplied by KROHNE.<\/p>\n<p>Underground storage of hydrogen in salt caverns is being applied to store large quantities of hydrogen over longer periods of time. This allows for so-called seasonal storage to buffer renewable energy which is produced in summer to be consumed in winter. It also allows for shorter storage cycles to compensate \u2018dunkelflaute\u2019 where during a few days less renewable energy is generated due to lack of sunshine or wind.<\/p>\n<p>Liquid hydrogen has a temparature of -253\u00b0C (-423\u00b0F) which is only 20 \u00b0C (36\u00b0F) above absolute zero. The infrastructure for liquid hydrogen transportation and storage shows great resemblance to that for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG). The main differences are related to the lower temperature -253\u00b0C versus -160\u00b0C (-423\u00b0F versus -265\u00b0F) which puts more stringent requirements on the instrumentation. KROHNE offers the OPTIBAR pressure portfolio which is suited for differential pressure flow and level measurement, as well as for process pressure measurement for liquid hydrogen.<\/p>\n<p>Alternative methods for transport and storage of hydrogen is to use molecules which are rich in hydrogen such as ammonia (NH3) and methanol (CH30H). The conditions for transport and storage for these fluids are less demanding than for liquid hydrogen. At the destination ammonia and methanol can be consumed directly or can be re-converted to hydrogen. Also Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carriers (LOHC) can be applied for storage and transport of hydrogen. LOHC are organic compounds that can absorb and release hydrogen throught chemical reactions.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><div class='av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip av-image-hotspot-16 '><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-count\">16<div class=\"avia-arrow\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"av-hotspot-fallback-tooltip-inner clearfix\"><\/p>\n<h4>Reconversion<\/h4>\n<p>In addition to the use as feedstock in the industry or as combustible fuel, hydrogen can be re-converted into electricity by means of fuel cells. A fuel cell can be considered as a battery which is running on hydrogen, where hydrogen is converted into electricity and heat. Fuel cells can be used to power off-grid locations or can be combined with seasonal storage of hydrogen to provide electricity when production from renewable energy sources is low.<br \/>\nAmmonia and methanol fuel cells exist as well. In these fuel cells ammonia or methanol is re-converted directly into electricity and heat. The benefit of this type of re-conversion is the relative ease of transportation of the fluids.<br \/>\nIn case hydrogen has been transported or stored by means of a Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC), the hydrogen needs to be released from the LOHC at the end destination. This takes place by means of a chemical dehydreganation process, which requires heat to release the hydrogen from the carrier.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3339","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3339","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3339"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3339\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3777,"href":"https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3339\/revisions\/3777"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cmp.krohne.com\/hydrogen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3339"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}